This Guide was commissioned by the IFAC Small and Medium Practices (SMP) Committee to assist practitioners on the audit of small- and medium-sized entities (SMEs) and to promote consistent application of the International Standards on Auditing (ISAs). The Guide, while developed by the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (the CICA), is the full responsibility of the IFAC SMP Committe…
This handbook contains references to International Accounting Standards (IASs) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). Unless otherwise indicated, references to IASs and IFRSs are to the IASs and IFRSs in effect at the date of preparing a pronouncement. Accordingly, readers are cautioned that, where a revised IAS or IFRS has been issued subsequently, reference should be mad…
The theory addresses the perpetrator ’ s role in committing the fraudu- lent act. The auditor is not required to think like a perpetrator of fraud, a useless act, but to be as creative and intuitive in their response to fraud, as the perpetrator is in their pursuit of carrying out a fraudulent act. The dif- ference between right and wrong is simple; however, people complicate the differe…
Accounting has rightly been termed as the language of the business. It records, classifies, analyses and communicates all the business transactions that have taken place during a particular period. It is a system of recording and reporting business transactions in financial terms, to interested parties. According to American Institute of Certified Public Accounts “Accounting is the art of …